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±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î »ýÈ°¿µ¾î, ¾îÈÖ, ¹®¹ý ¶§¹®ÀÌ ½¬¿ö¼­Àε¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ½¬¿öÁ³´Ù°í Æò°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó   
½Ç¿ëÀûÀÌ°í Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ Â÷¿øÀ¸·Î ȸ±ÍÇÏ´Â Çö»óÀÏ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÀǽÉÇغÁ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.   
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±âº»¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÒ °Í.   
¾î ÈÖ  
¿ª½Ã ±âº»¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÒ °Í. Èñ±ÍÇÑ ¶á±¸¸§ ¾îÈÖº¸´Ù Áö»ó¿¡ ´õ °¡±îÀÌ ³»·Á¿Â ´Ü¾îºÎÅÍ ¿Ü¿ï °Í. (¾Æ¿ï·¯ À̵ð¾öÀÌ »ç¶óÁö´Â Ãß¼¼¿¡µµ ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ °Í.) ƯÈ÷, µ¶ÇØ ÇнÀ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¾îÈÖ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔ½Ãų °Í.  
¹® ¹ý  
źźÇÑ ÀÌ·Ð ÇнÀ µÚ¿¡, ¼öµ¿ÀûÀΠŵµ·Î °­ÀǸ¸ µèÁö ¸»°í ¡®½º½º·Î¡¯ ¹®Á¦ Ç®À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ½ÇÀü ´É·ÂÀ» ¹è¾çÇÒ °Í.   
µ¶ ÇØ  
¾î·Æ°í ÇмúÀûÀÎ ÅؽºÆ®¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ Á¢ÇØ°¥ °Í. ¼¼ºÎÀûÀÎ ³»¿ë ÀÌÇØ°¡ ¾î·Á¿ì¸é, ´ëÀÇ ÆľǸ¸ Çصµ ¼º°øÀÌ´Ï ÂÌÁö ¸» °Í. ´Ü¾î Çϳª¶óµµ ¾Ë¶ãÈ÷ ì±â°í ¹®Àå Çϳª¸¸ÀÌ¶óµµ Á¦´ë·Î Çؼ®ÇÏ°Ú´Ù´Â ÀÚ¼¼¸¸ ÀÖÀ¸¸é µÊ.   
  
  
  
¹® 1. ´ëÈ­ Áß °¡Àå ¾î»öÇÑ °ÍÀº?  
¨ç A: What was the movie like on Saturday?  
B: Great. I really enjoyed it.  
¨è A: Hello. I¡¯d like to have some shirts pressed.  
B: Yes, how soon will you need them?  
¨é A: Would you like a single or a double room?  
B: Oh, it¡¯s just for me, so a single is fine.  
¨ê A: What time is the next flight to Boston?  
B: It will take about 45 minutes to get to Boston.   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨ê  
[Çؼ®]   
[Çؼ³] ¡°What time ~ ?¡±Àº ¡®¾ðÁ¦¡¯(When)¸¦ ¹¯´Â Àǹ®»çÀÌ´Ù. ¼Ò¿äµÇ´Â ½Ã°£À» ¹°À» ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Àǹ®»ç´Â ¡°How long ~?¡±ÀÌ´Ù.   
¨ç A: Åä¿äÀÏ¿¡ º» ¿µÈ­ ¾î¶®¾î?  
B: ÈǸ¢Çß¾î. ±× ¿µÈ­´Â Á¤¸» Àç¹Õ¾ú¾î.  
¨è A: ¾È³çÇϼ¼¿ä. ¼ÅÃ÷µé Á» ´Ù¸²ÁúÇÏ°í ½ÍÀºµ¥¿ä.  
B: ³×, ¾ó¸¶³ª °ð ÇÊ¿äÇÑ°¡¿ä?  
¨é A: ½Ì±Û ·ëÀ» ¿øÇϽóª¿ä? ´õºí ·ëÀ» ¿øÇϽóª¿ä?  
B: ¾Æ¿À, Àú¸¸ ¾µ ¹æÀÌ´Ï, ½Ì±Û ·ëÀÌ ÁÁ°Ú³×¿ä.   
¨ê A: º¸½ºÅÏÀ¸·Î °¡´Â ´ÙÀ½ ºñÇà±â´Â ¾ðÁ¦Àΰ¡¿ä?  
B: º¸½ºÅϱîÁö °¡´Â µ¥´Â ¾à 45ºÐ Á¤µµ °É¸³´Ï´Ù.   
[¾îÈÖ] press ´Ù¸²ÁúÇÏ´Ù flight ºñÇà±â   
  
¡Ø ¹ØÁ٠ģ ºÎºÐ Áß ¾î¹ý»ó °¡Àå ¿ÇÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀº? [¹® 2. ~ ¹® 5.]  
  
¹® 2.   
The inventor Elias Howe attributed the discovery of the sewing machine ¨çfor a dream ¨èin which he was captured by cannibals. He noticed as they danced around him ¨éthat there were holes at the tips of spears, and he realized this was the design feature he needed ¨êto solve his problem.  
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨ç  
[Çؼ³] ¨ç ¡°~¸¦ ¡¦ ¶§¹®À̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Ù¡±¸¦ ¶æÇÏ´Â attribute´Â attribute ~ to ¡¦Ã³·³, for°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ to¿Í ¾î¿ï¸°´Ù.   
¨è ¼±Çà»ç a dreamÀ» ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»çÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â °ü°è´ë¸í»ç whichÀε¥, µÚ¿¡ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÀýÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀüÄ¡»ç inÀ» »©¸ÔÀ¸¸é ¾È µÈ´Ù.   
¨é µ¿»ç noticedÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç thatÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, as they ~ around himÀº ½Ã°£ºÎ»çÀý·Î¼­ Áß°£¿¡ »ðÀԵŠÀÖ´Ù.   
¨ê ¼±Çà»ç the design feature¸¦ ²Ù¸çÁÖ´Â Çü¿ë»çÀý (that) he needed¿¡ ÀÌ¾î ¡®~Çϱâ À§ÇØ¡¯(¸ñÀû)¶ó´Â ÀǹÌÀÇ toºÎÁ¤»çÀÌ´Ù.   
[Çؼ®] ¹ß¸í°¡ Elias Howe´Â ÀçºÀƲÀÇ ¹ß°ßÀ» ±×°¡ ½ÄÀÎÁ¾µé¿¡°Ô ÀâÈù ²Þ ¶§¹®À̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ±×´Â ±×µéÀÌ ÀڽŠµÑ·¹¸¦ µ¹¸é¼­ ÃãÀ» Ãâ ¶§ ⳡ¿¡ ±¸¸ÛÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ñ°ÝÇߴµ¥, ±×´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ Áö½ÅÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±×°¡ ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çß´ø µðÀÚÀÎÀû Ư¡ÀÓÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù.   
[¾îÈÖ] capture ºÙÀâ´Ù cannibal ½ÄÀÎÁ¾ tip ³¡ spear â feature Ư¡   
  
¹® 3.   
By 1955 Nikita Khrushchev ¨çhad been emerged as Stalin¡¯s successor in the USRR, and he ¨èembarked on a policy of ¡°peaceful coexistence¡± ¨éwhereby East and West ¨êwere to continue their competition, but in a less confrontational manner.   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨ç  
[Çؼ³] ¨ç emerge´Â ÀÚµ¿»ç·Î¼­ ¼öµ¿Å°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°í ´Éµ¿Å·Π»ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, had been emerged¸¦ had emerged·Î °íÃÄ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.   
¨è µ¿»ç embark´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç on°ú ÇÔ²² ¾²¿© ¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.   
¨é ¼±Çà»ç a policy of ¡°peaceful coexistence¡±¸¦ µÚ¿¡¼­ ²Ù¸çÁÖ´Â Çü¿ë»çÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â °ü°è´ë¸í»ç´Â whichÀÌ°í, µÚ¿¡ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÀýÀÌ À̾îÁö¹Ç·Î ÀüÄ¡»ç¸¦ ½áÁà by which°¡ ¿Í¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ by which¸¦ ¾ÐÃàÇÑ °ÍÀÌ °ü°èºÎ»ç wherebyÀ̹ǷΠÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù.   
¨ê were to´Â ¡®¿¹Á¤¡¯ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ Áö´Ñ be to¿ë¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, ´ë¸í»ç their´Â ¸í»ç East and West(º¹¼ö)¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇÑ´Ù.  
[Çؼ®] 1955³â±îÁö Nikita Khrushchev´Â ¼Ò·Ã¿¡¼­ ½ºÅ»¸°ÀÇ ÈÄ°èÀÚ·Î ºÎ»óÇß°í ±×´Â µ¿¾ç°ú ¼­¾çÀÌ °æÀïÀ» °è¼ÓÇÏÁö¸¸ ´ú ´ë¸³ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¡°ÆòÈ­ °øÁ¸¡±ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ Âø¼öÇß´Ù. .   
[¾îÈÖ] successor ÈÄ°èÀÚ coexistence °øÁ¸ confrontational ´ë°áÀÇ   
  
  
  
¹® 4.   
Squid, octopus, and cuttlefish are all ¨çtypes of cephalopods. ¨èEach of these animals has special cells under its skin that ¨écontains pigment, a colored liquid. A cephalopod can move these cells toward or away from its skin. This allows it ¨êto change the pattern and color of its appearance.   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨é  
[Çؼ³] ¨é ÁÖ°Ý °ü°è´ë¸í»ç that ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ µ¿»ç containÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ ¹¯´Â ¹®Á¦´Ù. ¼±Çà»ç°¡ its skin(´Ü¼ö)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó special cells(º¹¼ö)À̹ǷΠµ¿»çµµ ¿ª½Ã º¹¼öÇü(contain)ÀÌ µÅ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.   
¨ç all µÚ¿¡ ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸í»ç°¡ ¿Ã °æ¿ì º¹¼öÇüÀÌ´Ù.   
¨è ¡¸Each of º¹¼ö¸í»ç¡¹(~ÀÇ °¢°¢)°¡ ÁÖ¾îÀÏ °æ¿ì ´Ü¼öÀ̹ǷΠµ¿»çµµ ´Ü¼öÇü(has)ÀÌ ¿Â´Ù.   
¨ê µ¿»ç allow´Â ¡¸allow + ¸ñÀû¾î + toºÎÁ¤»ç¡¹ Çü½ÄÀ» Àß À̲ö´Ù.   
[Çؼ®] ¿À¡¾î, ¹®¾î, ±×¸®°í °©¿À¡¾î´Â ¸ðµÎ µÎÁ··ù(Ôé⾜×¾)ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µ¿¹°µé °¢°¢Àº ÇǺΠ¾Æ·¡¿¡, À¯»ö ¾×ü, Áï »ö¼Ò¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. µÎÁ··ù µ¿¹°Àº ÇǺΠÂÊÀ¸·Î ȤÀº ÇǺηκÎÅÍ ¸Ö¸® ÀÌ ¼¼Æ÷µéÀ» ¿òÁ÷ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±× µ¿¹°ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿Ü¸ðÀÇ ¹«´Ì³ª »öÀ» ¹Ù²Ùµµ·Ï ÇØÁØ´Ù.   
[¾îÈÖ] squid ¿À¡¾î octopus ¹®¾î pigment »ö¼Ò liquid ¾×ü appearance ¿Ü¸ð   
  
  
¹® 5.   
There is a more serious problem than ¨ç maintaining the cities. As people become more comfortable working alone, they may become ¨èless social. It¡¯s ¨éeasier to stay home in comfortable exercise clothes or a bathrobe than ¨êgetting dressed for yet another business meeting!  
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨ê  
[Çؼ³] ¨ê It is ºñ±³±Þ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÁøÁÖ¾î·Î toºÎÁ¤»ç±¸°¡ ¿Ô´Ù. ±× ÁøÁÖ¾î¿Í ºñ±³µÇ´Â than ´ÙÀ½µµ toºÎÁ¤»ç±¸°¡ ¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù(ºñ±³´ë»óÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡). Áï, gettingÀ» to getÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²ã¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.   
¨ç ¸í»ç a problem°ú ºñ±³µÇ´Â ´ë»óÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¸í»ç±¸ÀÎ µ¿¸í»ç±¸(maintaining ~)´Â ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù.   
¨è ¡¸less + ¿ø±Þ¡¹Àº ¿­µîºñ±³(´ú ~ÇÑ)ÀÇ Àǹ̴Ù. ºñ±³´ë»óÀº ¡®(È¥ÀÚ ÀÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÆíÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢Çϱâ) Àü¡¯À¸·Î ¹®¸Æ»ó ºÐ¸íÇϹǷÎ, than before´Â »ý·«ÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.   
¨é µÚ¿¡ ºñ±³ ´ë»óÀ» À̲ô´Â than ~ÀÌ ³ª¿À¹Ç·Î ºñ±³±ÞÀÌ ¿Â °ÍÀº ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù.   
[Çؼ®] ±× µµ½ÃµéÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ½É°¢ÇÑ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÌ È¥ÀÚ ÀÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ´õ ÆíÇØ Çϸ鼭, ±×µéÀº ´ú »çȸÀûÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¾÷¹« ȸÀǸ¦ À§ÇØ ¿ÊÀ» °®Ãç ÀÔ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÆíÇÑ ¿îµ¿º¹À̳ª ¸ñ¿å°¡¿îÀ» ÀÔ°í Áý¿¡ ¸Ó¹«´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ½±´Ù!  
[¾îÈÖ] bathrobe ¸ñ¿å°¡¿î   
  
  
¡Ø ¹ØÁ٠ģ ºÎºÐÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í °¡Àå °¡±î¿î °ÍÀº? [¹® 6. ~ ¹® 7.]  
  
¹® 6.  
At least in high school she made one decision where she finally saw eye to eye with her parents.  
  
¨ç quarreled ¨è disputed ¨é parted ¨ê agreed   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨ê  
[Çؼ³] see eye to eye´Â ¡®ÀÇ°ßÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù, ~À» ¶È°°ÀÌ º¸´Ù¡¯¶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù.   
¨ç ½Î¿ü´Ù ¨è ¹Ý¹ÚÇß´Ù ¨é Çì¾îÁ³´Ù ¨ê ÀÇ°ßÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡Çß´Ù, µ¿ÀÇÇß´Ù   
[Çؼ®] Àû¾îµµ °íµîÇб³¸¦ ´Ù´Ò ¶§, ±×³à´Â ¸¶Ä§³» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÎ¸ð´Ô°ú ÀÇ°ßÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡Çß´ø ÇϳªÀÇ °áÁ¤À» ³»·È´Ù.  
[¾îÈÖ] at least Àû¾îµµ decision °áÁ¤   
  
¹® 7.   
Justifications are accounts in which one accepts responsibility for the act in question, but denies the pejorative quality associated with it.   
  
¨ç derogatory ¨è extrovert ¨é mandatory ¨ê redundant   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨ç  
[Çؼ³] pejorative´Â ¡®°æ¸êÀûÀÎ, ºñ³­Á¶ÀÇ¡¯¶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù.   
¨ç °æ¸êÇÏ´Â, ºñÆÇÀûÀÎ ¨è ¿ÜÇâÀûÀÎ ¨é Àǹ«ÀûÀÎ ¨ê ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ, ³²¾Æµµ´Â  
[Çؼ®] Á¤´çÈ­´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°Í°ú ¿¬°üµÈ ºñ³­Àû ¼º°ÝÀº ºÎÀÎÇÏ´Â ¼³¸íÀÌ´Ù.  
[¾îÈÖ] justification Á¤´çÈ­ account ¼³¸í, À̾߱â responsibility Ã¥ÀÓ in question ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇ´Â deny ºÎÀÎÇÏ´Ù associated with ~¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ  
  
  
¡Ø ¹ØÁ٠ģ ºÎºÐ¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀº? [¹® 8. ~ ¹®10.]  
  
¹® 8.   
Tests ruled out dirt and poor sanitation as causes of yellow fever, and a mosquito was the ________________ carrier.  
  
¨ç suspected ¨è uncivilized ¨é cheerful ¨ê volunteered   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨ç  
[Çؼ³] Ȳ¿­º´ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î ¸ð±â¸¦ ÀǽÉÇÏ´Â ¸Æ¶ôÀÌ´Ù.   
¨ç ÀÇ½É °¡´Â ¨è ¿¹ÀÇ ¾ø´Â, ¹Ì°³ÇÑ ¨é ÄèÈ°ÇÑ ¨ê ÀÚ¿øµÈ   
[Çؼ®] °Ë»çµéÀº Ȳ¿­º´ÀÇ ¿øÀεé·Î Èë°ú ºÒ°áÇÑ À§»ýÀ» ¹èÁ¦Çß°í, ¸ð±â°¡ ÀÇ½É °¡´Â ¸Å°³Ã¼¿´´Ù.  
[¾îÈÖ] rule out ~À» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ´Ù, ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Ù sanitation À§»ý yellow fever Ȳ¿­(º´) mosquito ¸ð±â carrier ¸Å°³Ã¼  
  
  
  
¹® 9.   
Generally speaking, people living in 2018 are pretty fortunate when you compare modern times to the full scale of human history. Life expectancy ________________ at around 72 years, and diseases like smallpox and diphtheria, which were widespread and deadly only a century ago, are preventable, curable, or altogether eradicated.  
  
¨ç curtails ¨è hovers ¨é initiates ¨ê aggravates   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨è  
[Çؼ³] ¹®¸ÆÀº ¹°·Ð, ÁÖ¾îÀÎ ¡®±â´ë ¼ö¸í¡¯°ú ºÎ»ç¾îÀÎ ¡®¾à 72³â¿¡¡¯¿Í ¾î¿ï¸®´Â µ¿»ç¸¦ ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.   
¨ç »è°¨ÇÏ´Ù ¨è ¸Éµ¹´Ù ¨é ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Ù ¨ê ¾ÇÈ­½ÃÅ°´Ù  
[Çؼ®] ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çؼ­, 2018³â¿¡ »ç´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ²Ï ¿îÀÌ ÁÁÀºµ¥, Çö´ë¸¦ Àΰ£ ¿ª»çÀÇ Àüü ±Ô¸ð¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¸é ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. ±â´ë ¼ö¸íÀº 72¼¼ ±Ù¹æ¿¡¼­ ¸Éµ¹¸ç, õ¿¬µÎ¿Í µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ¿Í °°Àº Áúº´µéÀº, ÇÑ ¼¼±â Àü¸¸ Çصµ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ®ÀÖ¾ú°í Ä¡¸íÀûÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ¿¹¹æ °¡´ÉÇÏ°í, Ä¡·á °¡´ÉÇÏ°í, ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±ÙÀýµÇ¾ú´Ù.  
[¾îÈÖ] generally speaking ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çؼ­ modern times Çö´ë life expectancy ¼ö¸í smallpox õ¿¬µÎ diphtheria µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ(ÁÖ·Î ¾î¸°ÀÌ°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ °É¸®´Â ±Þ¼º Àü¿°º´ÀÇ Çϳª) widespread ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø deadly Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ preventable ¿¹¹æ °¡´ÉÇÑ curable Ä¡·á °¡´ÉÇÑ altogether ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ eradicate ±ÙÀýÇÏ´Ù  
  
¹® 10.   
To imagine that there are concrete patterns to past events, which can provide ____________ for our lives and decisions, is to project on to history a hope for a certainty which it cannot fulfill.   
  
¨ç hallucinations ¨è templates ¨é inquiries ¨ê commotion   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨è  
[Çؼ³] ¿ª»ç°¡ È®½Ç¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´õ¶óµµ È®½ÇÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í Èñ¸ÁÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î°ú °áÁ¤¿¡µµ ¾î¶² È®½ÇÇÑ ÆÐÅÏÀ̳ª ±ÔÄ¢ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ÆÐÅÏ°ú ±ÔÄ¢¿¡ ¾î¿ï¸®´Â ´Ü¾î°¡ ºóÄ­¿¡ µé¾î°¡¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.   
¨ç ȯ°¢, ȯ¿µ ¨è °ßº», ÇüÆÇ ¨é ¿¬±¸, Á¶»ç ¨ê ¼Òµ¿, ¼Ò¶õ  
[Çؼ®] °ú°Å »ç°Çµé¿¡ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ÆÐÅÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ó»óÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î°ú °áÁ¤¿¡ °ßº»À» Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö Àִµ¥, ¿ª»ç°¡ ÀÌÇàÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â È®½Ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ¸ÁÀ» ¿ª»ç¿¡ Åõ»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.   
[¾îÈÖ] concrete ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ project Åõ¿µÇÏ´Ù, Åõ»çÇÏ´Ù certainty È®½Ç¼º fulfill ÀÌÇàÇÏ´Ù   
  
  
¡Ø ±ÛÀÇ È帧»ó ºóÄ­¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀº? [¹® 11.~ ¹® 13.]  
  
¹® 11.   
A country¡¯s wealth plays a central role in education, so lack of funding and resources from a nation-state can weaken a system. Governments in sub-Saharan Africa spend only 2.4 percent of the world¡¯s public resources on education, yet 15 percent of the school-age population lives there. ________________, the United States spends 28 percent of all the money spent in the world on education, yet it houses only 4 percent of the school-age population.  
  
¨ç Nevertheless ¨è Furthermore ¨é Conversely ¨ê Similarly  
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨é  
[Çؼ³] ºóÄ­ ¾Õ¿¡´Â ±³À°ºñ ÅõÀÚ°¡ ÀûÀº ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¿¹°¡, ºóÄ­ µÚ¿¡´Â Á¤¹Ý´ë·Î ±³À°ºñ¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ ¾²´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿¹°¡ ¼Ò°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.   
¨ç ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¨è °Ô´Ù°¡ ¨é °Å²Ù·Î ¨ê ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô  
[Çؼ®] ÇÑ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÎ´Â ±³À°¿¡¼­ Áß½ÉÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çؼ­, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÀçÁ¤°ú ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ºÎÁ·Àº (±³À°) ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¾àÈ­½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »çÇ϶ó »ç¸· À̳²ÀÇ Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±³À°¿¡ ¼¼°è °ø°øÀÚ¿øÀÇ 2.4%¸¸À» ¾²Áö¸¸, 15%ÀÇ ÃëÇÐ ¿¬·É Àα¸°¡ ±×°÷¿¡ »ê´Ù. °Å²Ù·Î, ¹Ì±¹Àº ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ±³À°¿¡ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ±× ¸ðµç µ·ÀÇ 28%¸¦ ¾²Áö¸¸, ´ÜÁö 4%ÀÇ ÃëÇÐ ¿¬·É Àα¸¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.  
[¾îÈÖ] central Áß½ÉÀûÀÎ funding ÀçÁ¤ resource ÀÚ¿ø weaken ¾àÈ­ÇÏ´Ù house »ì °÷À» ÁÖ´Ù   
  
  
¹® 12.   
¡°Highly conscientious employees do a series of things better than the rest of us,¡± says University of Illinois psychologist Brent Roberts, who studies conscientiousness. Roberts owes their success to ¡°hygiene¡± factors. Conscientious people have a tendency to organize their lives well. A disorganized, unconscientious person might lose 20 or 30 minutes rooting through their files to find the right document, an inefficient experience conscientious folks tend to avoid. Basically, by being conscientious, people _____________________ they¡¯d otherwise create for themselves.  
  
¨ç deal with setbacks ¨è do thorough work ¨é follow norms ¨ê sidestep stress   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨ê  
[Çؼ³] ºóÄ­¿¡´Â ¼º½ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§°¡ ¿Í¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ü, ºóÄ­¿¡ µé¾î°¥ [µ¿»ç + ¸ñÀû¾î]¿¡¼­ ±× ¸ñÀû¾î(¼±Çà»ç)°¡ ºóÄ­ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Çü¿ë»çÀýÀÇ ¼ö½ÄÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡ À¯ÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ¼±Çà»ç´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¡®±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é(= ¼º½ÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù¸é)¡¯ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑÆí, ¼º½ÇÇÑ °ÍÀº ¼º½ÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼­ ¡®¹ß»ýµÈ¡¯ ÁÂÀýÀ» ó¸®Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â ¼º½ÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¡®ÀÖÀ» ¼ö Àִ¡¯ ½ºÆ®·¹½º¸¦ ¹Ì¸® ÇÇÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§¶ó°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù.   
¨ç Â÷ÁúÀ» ó¸®ÇÏ´Ù ¨è öÀúÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Ù ¨é ±Ô¹üÀ» µû¸£´Ù ¨ê ½ºÆ®·¹½º¸¦ ÇÇÇÏ´Ù   
[Çؼ®] ¡°¸Å¿ì ¼º½ÇÇÑ Á÷¿øµéÀº ¿ì¸®µé Áß ³ª¸ÓÁöº¸´Ù ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ´õ ÀßÇÑ´Ù¡±¶ó°í Àϸ®³ëÀÌ ´ëÇÐÀÇ ½É¸®ÇÐÀÚ Brent Roberts°¡ ¸»Çϴµ¥, ±×´Â ¼º½Ç¼ºÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÑ´Ù. Roberts´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¼º°øÀ» ¡°À§»ý¡± ¿äÀÎµé ¶§¹®À̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ¼º½ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀ» Àß Á¤¸®ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ü°èÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇÏ¸ç ºÒ¼º½ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼­·ù¸¦ ã´À¶ó ÆÄÀϵéÀ» ÆÄÇìÄ¡´Â µ¥ 20~30ºÐÀ» ÀÒÀ» ¼ö Àִµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¼º½ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇÇÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀÎ °æÇèÀÌ´Ù. ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î, ¼º½ÇÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ±×µé ½º½º·Î ¸¸µé¾î³¾ ½ºÆ®·¹½º¸¦ ÇÇÇÑ´Ù.  
[¾îÈÖ] conscientious ¼º½ÇÇÑ a series of ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ owe ~ to ¡¦ ~À» ¡¦ ¶§¹®À̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Ù hygiene À§»ý organize Á¤¸®ÇÏ´Ù disorganized ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Â root ÆÄÇìÄ¡´Ù inefficient ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀÎ otherwise ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é   
  
¹® 13.   
Climate change, deforestation, widespread pollution and the sixth mass extinction of biodiversity all define living in our world today — an era that has come to be known as ¡°the Anthropocene¡±. These crises are underpinned by production and consumption which greatly exceeds global ecological limits, but blame is far from evenly shared. The world¡¯s 42 wealthiest people own as much as the poorest 3.7 billion, and they generate far greater environmental impacts. Some have therefore proposed using the term ¡°Capitalocene¡± to describe era of ecological devastation and growing inequality, reflecting capitalism¡¯s logic of endless growth and __________________________.  
  
¨ç the better world that is still within our reach  
¨è the accumulation of wealth in fewer pockets  
¨é an effective response to climate change  
¨ê a burning desire for a more viable future  
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨è  
[Çؼ³] ȯ°æÀ§±âÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ Àηù Àüüº¸´Ù´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ¼Ò¼ö, ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÇ ±ÛÀÌ´Ù. ºóÄ­¿¡´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ³í¸®¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ µé¾î°¡¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.   
¨ç ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿ì¸®°¡ ´êÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Å¸® ³»¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´õ ³ªÀº ¼¼»ó ¨è ´õ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ÁÖ¸Ó´Ï·ÎÀÇ ºÎÀÇ ÃàÀû ¨é ±âÈÄ º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀ ¨ê ´õ ½ÇÇö °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒŸ´Â ¿å¸Á  
[Çؼ®] ±âÈÄ º¯È­, »ï¸²Æı«, ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¿À¿°, ±×¸®°í »ý¹°´Ù¾ç¼ºÀÇ ¿©¼¸ ¹ø° ´ë¸êÁ¾ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼¼°è¸¦ »ì¾Æ°¡±â, Áï ¡°Àηù¼¼(Anthropocene)¡±¶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÈ ½Ã´ë¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À§±âµéÀº Áö±¸ »ýÅ°èÀÇ ÇѰ踦 Å©°Ô ³Ñ¾î¼­´Â »ý»ê°ú ¼Òºñ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µÞ¹ÞħµÇÁö¸¸, Ã¥ÀÓÀº ÀüÇô °øÆòÇÏ°Ô ³ª´µÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé 42¸íÀº °¡Àå °¡³­ÇÑ 37¾ï ¸í¸¸Å­ ¸¹ÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯Çϸ鼭 ÈξÀ Å« ȯ°æÀû ¿µÇâÀ» ¸¸µé¾î³½´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀº »ýÅ°è Æı«¿Í Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ºÒÆòµîÀÇ ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¸¦ ¹¦»çÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¡°ÀÚº»¼¼(Capitalocene)¡±¶ó´Â ¿ë¾î¸¦ ¾²´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇؿԴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¹«ÇÑ ¼ºÀå°ú ´õ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ÁÖ¸Ó´Ï·ÎÀÇ ºÎÀÇ ÃàÀûÀ̶ó´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ³í¸®¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù.   
[¾îÈÖ] deforestation »ê¸²Æı« mass extinction ´ë·®¸êÁ¾ biodiversity »ý¹°´Ù¾ç¼º era ½Ã´ë underpin µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Ù exceed ÃÊ°úÇÏ´Ù far from °áÄÚ ~ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ evenly ±ÕµîÇÏ°Ô, °øÆòÇÏ°Ô own ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Ù generate âÃâÇÏ´Ù propose Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Ù devastation Æı« logic ³í¸®   
  
  
¹® 14. ±ÛÀÇ Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀº?  
Economists say that production of an information good involves high fixed costs but low marginal costs. The cost of producing the first copy of an information good may be substantial, but the cost of producing (or reproducing) additional copies is negligible. This sort of cost structure has many important implications. For example, cost-based pricing just doesn¡¯t work: a 10 or 20 percent markup on unit cost makes no sense when unit cost is zero. You must price your information goods according to consumer value, not according to your production cost.   
  
¨ç Securing the Copyright   
¨è Pricing the Information Goods  
¨é Information as Intellectual Property  
¨ê The Cost of Technological Change   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨è  
[Çؼ³] °íÁ¤ ºñ¿ëÀÌ ³ô°í ÇÑ°è ºñ¿ëÀÌ ³·Àº Á¤º¸ÀçÀÇ °¡°ÝÀÌ °¡Áø Ư¼º ¶§¹®¿¡, °¡°ÝÀ» Ã¥Á¤ÇÒ ¶§ »ý»ê ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÇ °¡Ä¡¿¡ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÇ ±ÛÀÌ´Ù.   
¨ç ÀúÀÛ±ÇÀ» º¸È£Çϱ⠨è Á¤º¸ÀçÀÇ °¡°ÝÀ» Ã¥Á¤Çϱ⠨é ÁöÀû Àç»êÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Á¤º¸ ¨ê ±â¼ú º¯È­ÀÇ ºñ¿ë  
[Çؼ®] °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚµéÀº Á¤º¸ÀçÀÇ »ý»êÀÌ ³ôÀº °íÁ¤ ºñ¿ë°ú ³·Àº ÇÑ°è ºñ¿ëÀ» ¼ö¹ÝÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ù ¹ø° Á¤º¸À縦 »ý»êÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ëÀº »ó´çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ º¹Á¦¹°À» »ý»êÇÏ´Â °Í(¶Ç´Â Àç»ý»êÇÏ´Â °Í)ÀÇ ºñ¿ëÀº ¹Ì¹ÌÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ºñ¿ë ±¸Á¶´Â ¸¹Àº Áß¿äÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ºñ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÑ °¡°Ý Ã¥Á¤Àº ÀüÇô È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ´ÜÀ§ ºñ¿ëÀÌ 0À̶ó¸é, ´ÜÀ§ ºñ¿ëÀÇ 10~20% °¡°Ý ÀλóÀº ¸»ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº Á¤º¸À縦, »ý»ê ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼ÒºñÀÚ °¡Ä¡¿¡ µû¶ó °¡°Ý Ã¥Á¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.   
[¾îÈÖ] good »óÇ° involve ¼ö¹ÝÇÏ´Ù fixed cost °íÁ¤ ºñ¿ë marginal cost ÇÑ°è ºñ¿ë substantial »ó´çÇÑ additional Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ negligible ¹Ì¹ÌÇÑ implication ¿µÇâ, °á°ú, ÇÔÀÇ pricing °¡°Ý Ã¥Á¤ markup °¡°Ý Àλó make no sense ¸»ÀÌ ¾È µÇ´Ù unit ´ÜÀ§ according to ~¿¡ µû¶ó   
  
  
¹® 15. ¹ØÁ٠ģ ºÎºÐÀÌ ÁöĪÇÏ´Â ´ë»óÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀº?  
Dracula ants get their name for the way they sometimes drink the blood of their own young. But this week, ¨çthe insects have earned a new claim to fame. Dracula ants of the species Mystrium camillae can snap their jaws together so fast, you could fit 5,000 strikes into the time it takes us to blink an eye. This means ¨èthe blood-suckers wield the fastest known movement in nature, according to a study published this week in the journal Royal Society Open Science. Interestingly, the ants produce their record-breaking snaps simply by pressing their jaws together so hard that ¨éthey bend. This stores energy in one of the jaws, like a spring, until it slides past the other and lashes out with extraordinary speed and force — reaching a maximum velocity of over 200 miles per hour. It¡¯s kind of like what happens when you snap your fingers, only 1,000 times faster. Dracula ants are secretive predators as ¨êthey prefer to hunt under the leaf litter or in subterranean tunnels.  
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨é  
[Çؼ³] ¨é¸¸ ÈíÇ÷ °³¹ÌÀÇ Åεé(jaws)À» °¡¸®Å²´Ù.   
[Çؼ®] ÈíÇ÷ °³¹Ì´Â ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ **ÀÇ ÇǸ¦ °¡²û ¸¶½Ã´Â ¹ý ¶§¹®¿¡ ±× À̸§ÀÌ »ý°å´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̹ø ÁÖ¿¡, ±× °ïÃæµéÀº »õ·Î¿î ¸í¼ºÀ» ¾ò°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Mystrium camilla¶ó´Â Á¾ÀÇ ÈíÇ÷ °³¹Ì´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ´«À» ±ôºýÀÌ´Â ½Ã°£ ¾È¿¡ 5,000¹ø Ÿ°ÝÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¸¸Å­ ±×·¸°Ô »¡¸® ÅÎÀ» °°ÀÌ ¿òÁ÷ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̹ø ÁÖ¿¡ Àú³Î¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±× ÈíÇ÷µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬¿¡¼­ ¾Ë·ÁÁø °Íµé Áß¿¡ °¡Àå ºü¸¥ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ôµµ, ±× °³¹ÌµéÀº ´ÜÁö ±×°Íµé(Åεé)ÀÌ ÈÖ¾îÁöµµ·Ï ¸Å¿ì ¼¼°Ô ±× ÅεéÀ» ´©¸§À¸·Î½á ±â·ÏÀûÀÎ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ» ¸¸µé¾î³½´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ½ºÇÁ¸µÃ³·³, ±× ÅÎ Áß Çϳª¿¡ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÀúÀåÇÏ°í, ±× ÅÎÀº ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ÅÎ ¿·À» ¹Ì²ô·¯Áöµí Áö³ªÃÄ ³î¶ó¿î ¼Óµµ¿Í ÈûÀ¸·Î ÈÖ°¥±â´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ½Ã¼Ó 200¸¶ÀÏ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÃÖ´ë ¼Óµµ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¼Õ°¡¶ôÀ¸·Î µü ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ³¾ ¶§ ÀϾ´Â °Í°ú Á¶±Ý À¯»çÇѵ¥, ´Ù¸¸ 1,000¹è ´õ ºü¸¦ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ÈíÇ÷ °³¹ÌµéÀº ³ª¹µÀÙ ±ò°³ ¾Æ·¡³ª ÁöÇÏ ±¼ ¾È¿¡¼­ »ç³ÉÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¼±È£Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ºñ¹Ð½º·¯¿î Æ÷½ÄÀÚÀÌ´Ù.   
[¾îÈÖ] claim ¼ÒÀ¯±Ç fame ¸í¼º snap µþ±ï ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ³»´Ù blink ±ôºýÀÌ´Ù wield Çà»çÇÏ´Ù, Èֵθ£´Ù jaw ÅÎ bend ÈÖ´Ù slide ¹Ì²ô·¯Áö´Ù lash out °­Å¸ÇÏ´Ù velocity ¼Óµµ secretive ºñ¹Ð½º·¯¿î predator Æ÷½ÄÀÚ litter ±ò°³ subterranean ÁöÇÏÀÇ   
  
  
¹® 16. ¹ØÁ٠ģ ºÎºÐ¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀº?  
I am writing to you from a train in Germany, sitting on the floor. The train is crowded, and all the seats are taken. However, there is a special class of ¡°comfort customers¡± who are allowed to make those already seated _______________ their seats.  
  
¨ç give up ¨è take ¨é giving up ¨ê taken   
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨ç  
[Çؼ³] ¡¸»ç¿ªµ¿»ç make + ¸ñÀû¾î (those already seated) + ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î¡¹ ±¸¹®¿¡¼­ ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î¿¡´Â ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ µé¾î°¡¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¹®¸Æ»ó ÀÌ¹Ì ¾ÉÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¡°¾È½É °í°´¡±¿¡°Ô ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¾çº¸(give up)ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.   
[Çؼ®] Àú´Â µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¿­Â÷¿¡¼­ ¹Ù´Ú¿¡ ¾É¾Æ ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ÆíÁö¸¦ ¾²°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±âÂ÷´Â ºÕºñ°í, ¸ðµç Á¼®Àº ´Ù á½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ¹Ì ¾ÉÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ Á¼®À» Æ÷±âÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÈ ¡°¾È½É °í°´¡±À̶ó´Â Ưº° °è±ÞÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.  
[¾îÈÖ] floor ¹Ù´Ú crowded ºÕºñ´Â comfort Æí¾È, ¾È½É customer ¼Õ´Ô seated ¾ÉÀº  
  
¹® 17. <º¸±â>ÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀÌ µé¾î°¥ À§Ä¡·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀº?  
<º¸±â>   
In this situation, we would expect to find less movement of Individuals from one job to another because of the individual¡¯s social obligations toward the work organization to which he or she belongs and to the people comprising that organization.  
  
Cultural differences in the meaning of work can manifest themselves in other aspects as well. ( ¨ç ) For example, in American culture, it is easy to think of work simply as a means to accumulate money and make a living. ( ¨è ) In other cultures, especially collectivistic ones, work may be seen more as fulfilling an obligation to a larger group. ( ¨é ) In individualistic cultures, it is easier to consider leaving one job and going to another because it is easier to separate jobs from the self. ( ¨ê ) A different job will just as easily accomplish the same goals.  
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨é  
[Çؼ³] ÁÖ¾îÁø <º¸±â> ¹®ÀåÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¶Á÷°ú »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çȸÀû Àǹ« ¶§¹®¿¡ Á÷ÀåÀ» Àß ¿Å±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¨é ¹Ù·Î ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ Áý»êÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¹®È­¿¡ À̾îÁö´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù. ¨é ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¹®È­¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼­¼úµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.   
[Çؼ®] ÀÏÀÇ Àǹ̿¡¼­ ¹®È­Àû Â÷ÀÌ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ Ãø¸éµé¿¡¼­µµ ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¹Ì±¹ ¹®È­¿¡¼­´Â ÀÏÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ µ·À» ¸ðÀ¸°í »ý°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϱ⠽±´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¹®È­µé¿¡¼­´Â, ƯÈ÷ Áý»êÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¹®È­µé¿¡¼­´Â, ÀÏÀº ´õ Å« Áý´Ü¿¡ Àǹ«¸¦ ¿Ï¼öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ¿©°ÜÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼ÓÇÑ Á÷Àå°ú ±× Á÷ÀåÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÎÀÇ »çȸÀû Àǹ« ¶§¹®¿¡, ÇÑ Á÷Àå¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ Á÷ÀåÀ¸·ÎÀÇ °³ÀεéÀÇ À̵¿À» ´õ Àû°Ô ¹ß°ßÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¹»óÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¹®È­¿¡¼­´Â, Á÷ÀåÀ» ÀÚ¾Æ¿Í ºÐ¸®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ½±±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÇÑ Á÷ÀåÀ» ¶°³ª ´Ù¸¥ Á÷ÀåÀ¸·Î °¡´Â °ÍÀ» °í·ÁÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ½±´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Á÷Àåµµ °°Àº ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ±×¸¸Å­ ½±°Ô ´Þ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.  
[¾îÈÖ] obligation Àǹ« organization Á¶Á÷, Á÷Àå comprise ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Ù manifest oneself µå·¯³ª´Ù means ¼ö´Ü accumulate ÃàÀûÇÏ´Ù collectivistic Áý»êÁÖÀÇÀû fulfill ¿Ï¼öÇÏ´Ù individualistic °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû self ÀÚ¾Æ   
  
¹®18. ±ÛÀ» ¹®¸Æ¿¡ °¡Àå ¾î¿ï¸®´Â ¼ø¼­´ë·Î ¹è¿­ÇÑ °ÍÀº?  
¨± To navigate in the dark, a microbat files with its mouth open, emitting high-pitched squeaks that humans cannot hear. Some of these sounds echo off flying insects as well as tree branches and other obstacles that lie ahead. The bat listens to the echo and gets an instantaneous picture in its brain of the objects in front of it.  
¨² Microbats, the small, insect-eating bats found in North America, have tiny eyes that don¡¯t look like they¡¯d be good for navigating in the dark and spotting prey.  
¨³ From the use of echolocation, or sonar, as it is also called, a microbat can tell a great deal about a mosquito or any other potential meal. With extreme exactness, echolocation allows microbats to perceive motion, distance, speed, movement, and shape. Bats can also detect and avoid obstacles no thicker than a human hair.  
¨´ But, actually, microbats can see as well as mice and other small mammals. The nocturnal habits of bats are aided by their powers of echolocation, a special ability that makes feeding and flying at night much easier than one might think.  
  
¨ç ¨± - ¨³ - ¨² - ¨´ ¨è ¨² - ¨´ - ¨± - ¨³  
¨é ¨² - ¨³ - ¨´ - ¨± ¨ê ¨± - ¨´ - ¨³ - ¨²  
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨è  
[Çؼ³] ¨²Àº ÀÛÀº¹ÚÁã¿¡ °üÇØ Ã³À½À¸·Î ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÛÀº ´« ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾îµÒ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ Àß º¸Áö ¸øÇÒ °Í °°´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ µÚ, ¨´¿¡¼­´Â ÀÛÀº¹ÚÁãÀÇ ¹ÝÇâ À§Ä¡ ÃøÁ¤ ´É·ÂÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÏ¸ç ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¹ã¿¡µµ Àß º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ù·ÎÀâ´Â´Ù. ¨±Àº ±× ´É·ÂÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ¹ßÇöµÇ´ÂÁö »ó¼¼ÇÑ ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. ¨³Àº ±× ´É·ÂÀ¸·Î ÀÛÀº¹ÚÁã°¡ ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ÆľÇÇÏ°í ´Ù¸¥ Àå¾Ö¹°À» ÇÇÇÑ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î ±ÛÀÌ ¸¶¹«¸®µÈ´Ù.   
[Çؼ®] ¨² ºÏ¹Ì¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ÀÛ°í °ïÃæÀ» ¸Ô´Â ÀÛÀº¹ÚÁã´Â ¾îµÒ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ±æÀ» ã°í ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÁÁÀ» °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÛÀº ´«À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¨´ ÇÏÁö¸¸, »ç½ÇÀº ÀÛÀº¹ÚÁã´Â Áã¿Í ´Ù¸¥ ÀÛÀº Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°¸¸Å­ Àß º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÚÁãÀÇ ¾ßÇ༺Àº ¹ã¿¡ ¸Ô´Â °Í°ú ³¯¾Æ´Ù´Ï´Â °ÍÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ½±°Ô ¸¸µå´Â Ưº°ÇÑ ´É·ÂÀÎ ¹ÝÇâ À§Ä¡ ÃøÁ¤ ´É·ÂÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ¨± ¾îµÒ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ±æÀ» ã±â À§Çؼ­, ÀÛÀº¹ÚÁã´Â ÀÔÀ» ¿¬ ä·Î ³¯¸é¼­, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µéÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ³ôÀº À½Á¶ÀÇ ³£³£ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ³½´Ù. ÀÌ ¼Ò¸® Áß ÀϺδ ¾Õ¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â ³ª¹µ°¡Áö¿Í ´Ù¸¥ Àå¾Ö¹°µé»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³¯¾Æ´Ù´Ï´Â °ïÃæµé¿¡¼­µµ ¹Ý»çµÈ´Ù. ¹ÚÁã´Â ±× ¸Þ¾Æ¸®¸¦ µè°í Àڱ⠾տ¡ ÀÖ´Â ±× ¹°Ã¼µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ ±×¸²À» ³ú ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ±×¸°´Ù. ¨³ ¹ÝÇâ À§Ä¡ ÃøÁ¤, ¶Ç´Â À½ÆÄ Å½Áö·Îµµ ºÒ¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÛÀº¹ÚÁã´Â ¸ð±â ȤÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ ¸ÔÀÌ¿¡ °üÇؼ­ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾öû³ª°Ô Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÇâ À§Ä¡ ÃøÁ¤Àº ÀÛÀº¹ÚÁã°¡ µ¿ÀÛ, °Å¸®, ¼Óµµ, ¿îµ¿, ±×¸®°í ÇüŸ¦ Áö°¢ÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. ¹ÚÁã´Â ¶ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ô¸¸Å­ °¡´Â Àå¾Ö¹°À» ŽÁöÇÏ°í ÇÇÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.  
[¾îÈÖ] ¨± navigate ±æÀ» ã´Ù emit ³»»Õ´Ù high-pitched ³ôÀº À½Á¶ÀÇ squeak ³£³£ ¼Ò¸® echo ¸Þ¾Æ¸®(Ä¡´Ù) obstacle Àå¾Ö¹° ahead ¾Õ¿¡ instantaneous Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ object »ç¹° ¨² tiny ÀÛÀº spot ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Ù prey ¸ÔÀÌ ¨³ echolocation ¹ÝÇâ À§Ä¡ ÃøÁ¤ sonar À½ÆÄ Å½Áö potential ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ exactness Á¤È®¼º motion µ¿ÀÛ distance °Å¸® detect ŽÁöÇÏ´Ù thick µÎ²¨¿î ¨´ mammal Æ÷À¯·ù nocturnal habit ¾ßÇ༺ aid µ½´Ù   
  
  
¹® 19. ±ÛÀÇ È帧»ó ºóÄ­¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀº?  
Ever since the time of ancient Greek tragedy, Western culture has been haunted by the figure of the revenger. He or she stands on a whole series of borderlines: between civilization and barbarity, between ___________________________ and the community¡¯s need for the rule of law, between the conflicting demands of justice and mercy. Do we have a right to exact revenge against those who have destroyed our loved ones? Or should we leave vengeance to the law or to the gods? And if we do take action into our own hands, are we not reducing ourselves to the same moral level as the original perpetrator of murderous deeds?  
  
¨ç redemption of the revenger from a depraved condition   
¨è divine vengeance on human atrocities  
¨é moral depravity of the corrupt politicians  
¨ê an individual¡¯s accountability to his or her own conscience  
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨ê  
[Çؼ³] º¹¼öÀÚ°¡ óÇÑ ¿ª¼³Àû »óȲÀ» ³ª¿­ÇÏ´Â ´ë¸ñ¿¡¼­, ºóÄ­¿¡´Â ¹ýÀÇ Áö¹è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿Í ´ë¸³µÉ ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ µé¾î°¡¾ß Çϴµ¥, º¹¼öÀÚ °³ÀÎÀÌ ¹ý¿¡ ±¸¼Ó¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í º¹¼ö¸¦ ÇÏ·Á´Â µ¿±â³ª ÇàÀ§¿Í À¯»çÇÑ Àǹ̰¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù.   
¨ç Ÿ¶ôÇÑ »óÅ·κÎÅÍ º¹¼öÀÚÀÇ ±¸¿ø ¨è Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÜȤ ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅÀÇ º¹¼ö ¨é ºÎÆÐÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ÀεéÀÇ µµ´öÀû Ÿ¶ô ¨ê ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÎÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ  
[Çؼ®] °í´ë ±×¸®½º ºñ±ØÀÇ ½Ã´ë ÀÌ·¡·Î ¼­¾ç ¹®È­´Â º¹¼öÀÚ¶ó´Â Àι°À» »ý°¢¿¡¼­ ¶³Ãij»Áö ¸øÇØ¿Ô´Ù. º¹¼öÀÚ´Â ¹®¸í°ú ¾ß¸¸ »çÀÌ, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÎÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ°ú ¹ýÀÇ Áö¹è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ¿ä±¸ »çÀÌ, Ãæµ¹ÇÏ´Â Á¤ÀÇ¿Í ÀÚºñÀÇ ¿ä±¸µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ¸ðµç °æ°è¼± À§¿¡ ¼­ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ »ç¶ûÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Æı«ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô º¹¼ö¸¦ °¡ÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áö´Â°¡? ȤÀº ¿ì¸®´Â ¹ýÀ̳ª ½Å¿¡°Ô º¹¼ö¸¦ ¸Ã°Ü¾ß Çϴ°¡? ±×¸®°í ¸¸¾à ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸® ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ÇൿÀ» Á¤¸» ÃëÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀ», ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ÇൿÀ» ÇÑ ¿ø·¡ÀÇ °¡ÇØÀÚ¿Í ¶È°°Àº µµ´öÀû ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ³·Ãß°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ñ°¡?  
[¾îÈÖ] tragedy ºñ±Ø haunt »ý°¢ÀÌ ¶°³ªÁö ¾Ê´Ù figure Àι° borderline °æ°è¼± barbarity ¾ß¸¸ community °øµ¿Ã¼ conflicting Ãæµ¹ÇÏ´Â mercy ÀÚºñ exact °¡ÇÏ´Ù vengeance º¹¼ö original ¿ø·¡ÀÇ perpetrator °¡ÇØÀÚ murderous ÀÜÀÎÇÑ deed ÇàÀ§   
  
  
¹® 20. ±ÛÀÇ È帧»ó °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹®ÀåÀº?  
It seems to me possible to name four kinds of reading, each with a characteristic manner and purpose. The first is reading for information ¤Ñ reading to learn about a trade, or politics, or how to accomplish something. ➀ We read a newspaper this way, or most textbooks, or directions on how to assemble a bicycle. ➁ With most of this material, the reader can learn to scan the page quickly, coming up with what he needs and ignoring what is irrelevant to him, like the rhythm of the sentence, or the play of metaphor. ➂ We also register a track of feeling through the metaphors and associations of words. ➃ Courses in speed reading can help us read for this purpose, training the eye to jump quickly across the page.  
  
[Á¤´ä] ¨é  
[Çؼ³] 4°¡Áö Á¾·ùÀÇ Àбâµé °¡¿îµ¥, Á¤º¸¸¦ À§ÇÑ Àб⿡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÛÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Àб⿡¼­´Â µ¶ÀÚ¿Í ¹«°üÇÏ¿© ¹«½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¿¹·Î¼­ ÀºÀ¯(ºñÀ¯)¸¦ ¿¹·Î µé°í Àִµ¥, ±× ÀºÀ¯(ºñÀ¯)¸¦ ÅëÇØ °¨Á¤ÀÇ °æ·Î¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¹®ÀåÀº Àüü È帧°ú ¾î¿ï¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.   
[Çؼ®] °¢°¢Àº ƯÀ¯ÀÇ ¹æ½Ä°ú ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Áø, 4°¡Áö Á¾·ùÀÇ Àб⸦ ¸í¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ³»°Ô´Â °¡´ÉÇØ º¸ÀδÙ. ù ¹ø°´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀбâÀε¥, ¹«¿ª, Á¤Ä¡, ¶Ç´Â ¹«¾ð°¡¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹è¿ì±â À§ÇÑ ÀбâÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ½Å¹®À» ÀÌ·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î Àаí, ¶ÇÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±³°ú¼­, ÀÚÀü°Å¸¦ Á¶¸³ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½Ãµéµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. ÀÌ ÀбâÀÚ·áÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ¿¡¼­, µ¶ÀÚ´Â ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ ºü¸£°Ô ÈÈÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ã¾Æ³»°í, ¹®ÀåÀÇ ¸®µëÀ̳ª ÀºÀ¯ÀÇ ÀÛµ¿ °°Àº ÀڽŰú °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀº ¹«½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (¿ì¸®´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ºñÀ¯µé°ú ´Ü¾îµéÀÇ ¿¬»óÀ» ÅëÇØ °¨Á¤ÀÇ °æ·Î¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.) ¼Óµ¶ °úÁ¤Àº, ´«À» ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ ºü¸£°Ô °Ç³Ê¶Û ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï À̵¿½ÃÅ°´Â ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇØ Àеµ·Ï µµ¿ÍÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.  
[¾îÈÖ] characteristic Ư¡ÀûÀÎ manner ¹æ½Ä trade ¹«¿ª direction Áö½Ã»çÇ× assemble Á¶¸³ÇÏ´Ù material (Àбâ) ÀÚ·á scan ÈÈ´Ù come up with ã¾Æ³»´Ù, »ý°¢Çس»´Ù irrelevant ¹«°üÇÑ register ±â·ÏÇÏ´Ù, ³ªÅ¸³»´Ù track °æ·Î association Á¶ÇÕ, ¿¬»ó   
  
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